Gratian was son of
Valentinian I
and Marina Severa. He received an high level education from his
tutor Ausonius, poet and leading rhetorician of the time. He was
made consul in 366. In 367 during the camapign of Gaul against the
Alamanni
Valentinian was struck
by a mysterious disease and when it seemed difficult for him to
survive the struggle for the succession started to take place, but
the emperor was healed and got aware of the situation he could have
left behind he decided to associate Gratian to his rule with the
unusual role of Co-Augustus.
Gratian never showed any proclivity for being a skilled soldier,
being more interested in "humanitate et studiis disciplinarum"
than the art of war.
After his father's death in Brigetio on November the 17th, 375 Gratian
became Augustus for the West but the army high officers arranged
to have
Valentinian's youngest
son,
Valentinian II, proclaimed
emperor, giving the excuse that
Valentinian
II was closer to Brigetio than was Gratian. The reality may
have been that Gratian, about 16 years old, had no warrior attitude,
and was thus not an acceptable imperial candidate to the soldiers.
In contrast, the young
Valentianian,
being only four years old allowing the generals a free political
power. It is not clear how well Gratian accepted this decision,
but as a matter of fact he continued to rule bringing on the war
and taking care of the young
Valentinian
education. Gratian controlled Gaul, Britain, and Spain, while the
court of
Valentinian II controlled
Illyricum, Africa, and Italy. Gratian's army won a huge victory
at Argentia, killing 30,000 Alamanni and this contributed to make
the western provinces temporarily safe. The situation in the east,
however, grew so serious that it demanded Gratian's military help.
Before he could arrive,
Valens made the
decision to attack the Goths at Adrianople, not wanting to share
a possible victory with Gratian. This battle, which occurred on
August 9, 378, was a disaster, with
Valens
and most of the eastern army killed. Gratian then appointed Augustus
for the East the general
Flavius Theodosius.
Gratian was an orthodox christian and in 382, urged by Ambrose bishop
of Milan, he removed the Altar of Victory from the Forum and withdrew
the state subsidies that funded many pagan activities. The Senate
protested and Gratian rejected also the title of pontifex maximus
and this last incident prompted a senator to prophecy that there
would be a new pontifex maximus soon enough.
Whether or not this story was true, Gratian's career was shortly
ended by the usurper
Magnus Maximus
who was acclaimed by his troops in Britain, and crossed into Gaul
to challenge Gratian. Gratian fled towards the Alps, but was pursued
and killed at Lyon on August 25, 383.