Born in 392, Marcian was probably an Illyrian although one source claims that
he was a Thracian. He made his military career serving in the city of Philippopolis
(nowadays Plovdiv, Bulgaria) in Thrace. Marcian served as personal assistant (domesticus)
to the emperor's commander-in-chief (magister utriusque militiae), Aspar with
whom (in the early 430's) was in Africa where (according to a fanciful story)
he was captured by the Vandals and met king
Gaiseric, who predicted that he would
one day be emperor.
With the death of
Theodosius II the imperial succession
was an open question: according to some, the emperor on his deathbed adopted Marcian
as heir, but this story could be just propaganda created after the accession to
the throne. Whatever the case, Marcian's candidacy was supported by Aspar with
the agreement of
Theodosius' sister, Pulcheria
Augusta. Pulcheria's support brought the recognition of Marcian by the Senate
and the army. On August 25, 450, Pulcheria married him and gave him the imperial
diadem, in return, Marcian swore to respect her virginity and be a champion of
religious orthodoxy. Pulcheria's virginity remained intact indicating the political
nature of this marriage. Marcian's only daughter (had with a previous wife) Aelia
Marcia Euphemia, married the future western emperor,
Anthemius.
In late 451, Marcian called the Fourth Ecumenical Council at Chalcedon. Bishops
and their representatives faced the religious controversies about the beliefs
of Nestorius and other monophysite theories on the nature of Christ. The Council
condemned monophysitism, stating that Christ had one nature, both human and divine.
Marcian supported the statement of Pope Leo hoping he would support his reign
with
Valentinian III. The council at Chalcedon
more clearly outlined the increasing split between east and west: Pope Leo's legates
had been the only western representatives at a supposedly ecumenical council.
Marcian also supported his wife's building projects. Unsurprisingly,
they all were churches and Pulcheria did much for the mother of
God (Theotokos) cult. In the last years of
Theodosius
II the relationships with the Hunnic confederation were kept
peaceful paying out huge indemnities as safeguards against potential
attack. Shortly after his coronation Marcian refused to pay any
other sum. Attila, too absorbed in western politics did not react,
maybe thinking that the western court was an easier target to extort
money from, and, in any case, before he could pay his attention
again on the east, he died (in 453) and his empire disintegrated.
Marcian quickly looked for allies among peoples previously under
Hunnic domination, especially Ostrogoths, he even permitted these
peoples to settle as federates in Pannonia, Thrace and Illyricum.
The lack of any long-term, large-scale wars meant that the emperor
was able to amass more funds and, at the end of his reign, Marcian
left his successor 100,000 pounds of gold.
Most of Marcian's financial policies aimed at pleasing the senatorial aristocracy:
the tax upon senatorial wealth was abolished, Marcian ended many of the financial
obligations by holders of the old republican offices: Praetors and consuls had
to put on large public games, Consuls also having to distribute wealth to the
people of Constantinople. Now only the highest-ranking senators, the illustres,
were eligible to serve in these offices and they were not required anymore to
spend huge sums on games and elargitions.
Marcian also proclaimed a remission of all old debts to the state. Again, this
benefited the wealthier classes, but it certainly spread to a much broader spectrum
of society. One of Marcian's most important law cancelled a previous law of
Constantine
(in its turn an extension of an
Augustus' law) declaring
illegal for a Senator to marry a freeborn poor woman (humilis). Marcian permitted
such a match assuming that the lady in question was of
good moral character.
This law is significant because is the basis for a future similar law of emperor
Justin which permitted Justinian and Theodora to wed. Whether Marcian's decree
was in reaction to a specific case, however, is unknown. In January of 457, Marcian
died at the age of 65, supposedly of gangrene in the feet.